1 For the whole experiment, a set of 500 images is randomly extracted
2 from the database taken from the BOSS contest~\cite{Boss10}.
3 In this set, each cover is a $512\times 512$
4 grayscale digital image.
7 \subsection{Adaptive Embedding Rate}
9 Two strategies have been developed in our scheme with respect to the rate of
10 embedding which is either \emph{adaptive} or \emph{fixed}.
12 In the former the embedding rate depends on the number of edge pixels.
13 The higher it is, the larger is the message length that can be considered.
14 Practically, a set of edge pixels is computed according to the
15 Canny algorithm with high threshold.
16 The message length is thus defined to be the half of this set cardinality.
17 In this strategy, two methods are thus applied to extract bits that
18 are modified. The first one is a direct application of the STC algorithm.
19 This method is further refered as \emph{adaptive+STC}.
20 The second one randomly choose the subset of pixels to modify by
21 applying the BBS PRNG again. This method is denoted \emph{adaptive+sample}.
22 Notice that the rate between
23 available bits and bit message length is always equal to two.
24 This constraint is indeed induced by the fact that the efficiency
25 of the STC algorithm is unsatisfactory under that threshold.
27 On our experiments and with the adaptive scheme,
28 the average size of the message that can be embedded is 16445.
29 Its corresponds to an average payload of 6.35\%.
34 In the latter, the embedding rate is defined as a percentage between the
35 number of the modified pixels and the length of the bit message.
36 This is the classical approach adopted in steganography.
37 Practically, the Canny algorithm generates a
38 a set of edge pixels with threshold that is decreasing until its cardinality
39 is sufficient. If the set cardinality is more than twice larger than the
40 bit message length an STC step is again applied.
41 Otherwise, pixels are again randomly chosen with BBS.
45 \subsection{Image Quality}
46 The visual quality of the STABYLO scheme is evaluated in this section.
47 Four metrics are computed in these experiments:
48 the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR),
49 the PSNR-HVS-M family~\cite{PSECAL07,psnrhvsm11} ,
50 the BIQI~\cite{MB10,biqi11} and
51 the weighted PSNR (wPSNR)~\cite{DBLP:conf/ih/PereiraVMMP01}.
52 The first one is widely used but does not take into
53 account Human Visual System (HVS).
54 The other last ones have been designed to tackle this problem.
58 \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c||c|c|}
60 & \multicolumn{2}{|c||}{Adaptive} & fixed & HUGO \\
61 Embedding rate & + STC & + sample & 10\% & 10\%\\
63 PSNR & 66.55 & 63.48 & 61.86 & 64.65 \\
65 PSNR-HVS-M & 78.6 & 75.39 & 72.9 & 76.67\\
67 BIQI & 28.3 & 28.28 & 28.4 & 28.28\\
69 wPSNR & 86.43& 80.59 & 77.47& 83.03\\
73 \caption{Quality measures of our steganography approach\label{table:quality}}
76 Let us give an interpretation of these experiments.
77 First of all, the adaptive strategy produces images with lower distortion
78 than the one of images resulting from the 10\% fixed strategy.
79 Numerical results are indeed always greater for the former strategy than
80 for the latter, except for the BIQI metrics where differences are not relevent.
81 These results are not surprising since the adaptive strategy aims at
82 embedding messages whose length is decided according to a higher threshold
83 into the edge detection.
84 Let us focus on the quality of HUGO images: with a given fixed
86 HUGO always produces images whose quality is higher than the STABYLO's one.
87 However, our approach nevertheless provides beter results with the strategy
88 adaptive+STC in a lightweight manner, as motivated in the introduction.
91 Let us now compare the STABYLO approach with other edge based steganography
92 schemes with respect to the image quality.
93 First of all, the Edge Adaptive
94 scheme detailed in~\cite{Luo:2010:EAI:1824719.1824720}
95 executed with a 10\% embedding rate
96 has the same PSNR but a lower wPSNR than our:
97 these two metrics are respectively equal to 61.9 and 68.9.
98 Next both the approaches~\cite{DBLP:journals/eswa/ChenCL10,Chang20101286}
99 focus on increasing the payload while the PSNR is acceptable, but do not
100 give quality metrics for fixed embedding rate from a large base of images.
101 Our approach outperforms the former thanks to the introduction of the STC
107 \subsection{Steganalysis}
111 The quality of our approach has been evaluated through the two
112 AUMP~\cite{Fillatre:2012:ASL:2333143.2333587}
113 and Ensemble Classifier~\cite{DBLP:journals/tifs/KodovskyFH12} based steganalysers.
114 Both aims at detecting hidden bits in grayscale natural images and are
115 considered as the state of the art of steganalysers in spatial domain~\cite{FK12}.
116 The former approach is based on a simplified parametric model of natural images.
117 Parameters are firstly estimated and a adaptive Asymptotically Uniformly Most Powerful
118 (AUMP) test is designed (theoretically and practically) to check whether
119 a natural image has stego content or not.
120 In the latter, the authors show that the
121 machine learning step, (which is often
122 implemented as support vector machine)
123 can be a favourably executed thanks to an Ensemble Classifiers.
129 \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
131 Schemes & \multicolumn{3}{|c|}{STABYLO} & HUGO\\
133 Embedding rate & \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Adaptive} & 10 \% & 10 \%\\
134 & + STC & + sample & & \\
137 AUMP & 0.39 & & 0.22 & 0.50 \\
139 Ensemble Classifier & 0.47 & & 0.35 & 0.48 \\
144 \caption{Steganalysing STABYLO\label{table:steganalyse}}
148 Results show that our approach is more easily detectable than HUGO which is
149 is the more secure steganography tool, as far we know. However due to its
150 huge number of features integration, it is not lightweight.