2 This section aims at justifying the lightweight attribute of our approach.
3 To be more precise, we compare the complexity of our schemes to some of
4 current state of the art of
5 steganographic scheme, namely HUGO~\cite{DBLP:conf/ih/PevnyFB10},
6 WOW~\cite{conf/wifs/HolubF12}, and UNIWARD~\cite{HFD14}.
7 Each of these scheme starts with the computation of the distortion cost
8 for each pixel switch and is later followed by the STC algorithm.
9 Since this last step is shared by all, we do not add its complexity.
10 In all the rest of this section, we consider a $n \times n$ square image.
12 First of all, HUGO starts with computing the second order SPAM Features.
13 This steps is in $O(n^2 + 2\times 343^2)$ due to the calculation
14 of the difference arrays and next of the 686 features (of size 343).
15 Next for each pixel, the distortion measure is calculated by +1/-1 modifying
16 its value and computing again the SPAM
17 features. Pixels are thus selected according to their ability to provide
18 an image whose SPAM features are close to the original ones.
19 The algorithm thus computes a distance between each feature
20 and the original ones,
21 which is at least in $O(343)$, and an overall distance between these
22 metrics, which is in $O(686)$. Computing the distance is thus in
23 $O(2\times 343^2)$ and this modification
24 is thus in $O(2\times 343^2 \times n^2)$.
25 Ranking these results may be achieved with an insertion sort, which is in
27 The overall complexity of the pixel selection is finally
28 $O(n^2 +2.343^2 + 2\times 343^2 \times n^2 + 2.n^2 \ln(n))$, \textit{i.e},
29 $O(2.n^2(343^2 + \ln(n)))$.
34 Let us focus now on WOW.
35 This scheme starts to compute the residual
36 of the cover as a convolution product which is in $O(n^2\ln(n^2))$.
37 The embedding suitability $\eta_{ij}$ is then computed for each pixel
38 $1 \le i,j \le n$ thanks to a convolution product again.
39 We thus have a complexity of $O(n^2 \times n^2\ln(n^2))$.
40 Moreover the suitability is computed for each wavelet level
42 This distortion computation step is thus in $O(6n^4\ln(n))$.
43 Finally a norm of these three values is computed for each pixel
44 which adds to this complexity the complexity of $O(n^2)$.
45 To summarize, the complixity is in $O(6n^4\ln(n) +n^2)$
47 What follows details the complexity of the distortion evaluation of the
48 UNIWARD scheme. This one is based to a convolution product $W$ of two elements
49 of size $n$ and is again in $O(n^2 \times n^2\ln(n^2))$ and a sum $D$ of
50 these $W$ which is in $O(n^2)$.
51 This distortion computation step is thus in $O(6n^4\ln(n) + n^2)$.
54 Our edge selection is based on a Canny Filter. When applied on a
55 $n \times n$ square image, the noise reduction step is in $O(5^3 n^2)$.
56 Next, let $T$ be the size of the canny mask.
57 Computing gradients is in $O(4Tn)$ since derivatives of each direction (vertical or horizontal)
59 Finally, thresholding with hysteresis is in $O(n^2)$.
60 The overall complexity is thus in $O((5^3+4T+1)n^2)$.
66 We are then left to express the complexity of the STC algorithm.
67 According to~\cite{DBLP:journals/tifs/FillerJF11}, it is
68 in $O(2^h.n)$ where $h$ is the size of the duplicated
69 matrix. Its complexity is thus negligible compared with the embedding map
72 To summarize, for the embedding map construction, the complexity of Hugo, WOW
73 and UNIWARD are dramatically larger than the one of our scheme:
74 STABYLO is in $O(n^2)$
75 whereas HUGO is in $O(n^2\ln(n)$, and WOW and UNIWARD are in $O(n^4\ln(n))$.
76 Thanks to these complexity results, we claim that STABYLO is lightweight.