simulated environment challenges to find optimal configurations giving the best
results with a lowest residual error and in the best of execution time.
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+To our knowledge, there is no existing work on the large-scale simulation of a
+real AIAC application. The aim of this paper is twofold. First we give a first
+approach of the simulation of AIAC algorithms using a simulation tool (i.e. the
+SimGrid toolkit~\cite{SimGrid}). Second, we confirm the effectiveness of
+asynchronous mode algorithms by comparing their performance with the synchronous
+mode. More precisely, we had implemented a program for solving large
+linear system of equations by numerical method GMRES (Generalized
+Minimal Residual) \cite{ref1}. We show, that with minor modifications of the
+initial MPI code, the SimGrid toolkit allows us to perform a test campaign of a
+real AIAC application on different computing architectures. The simulated
+results we obtained are in line with real results exposed in ??\AG[]{ref?}.
+SimGrid had allowed us to launch the application from a modest computing
+infrastructure by simulating different distributed architectures composed by
+clusters nodes interconnected by variable speed networks. In the simulated environment, after setting appropriate
+network and cluster parameters like the network bandwidth, latency or the processors power,
+the experimental results have demonstrated a asynchronous execution time saving up to \np[\%]{40} in
+compared to the synchronous mode.
+\AG{Il faudrait revoir la phrase précédente (couper en deux?). Là, on peut
+ avoir l'impression que le gain de \np[\%]{40} est entre une exécution réelle
+ et une exécution simulée!}
+\CER{La phrase a été modifiée}
+
+This article is structured as follows: after this introduction, the next section will give a brief description of
+iterative asynchronous model. Then, the simulation framework SimGrid is presented with the settings to create various
+distributed architectures. The algorithm of the multisplitting method based on GMRES \LZK{??? GMRES n'utilise pas la méthode de multisplitting! Sinon ne doit on pas expliquer le choix d'une méthode de multisplitting?} \CER{La phrase a été corrigée} written with MPI primitives and
+its adaptation to SimGrid with SMPI (Simulated MPI) is detailed in the next section. At last, the experiments results
+carried out will be presented before some concluding remarks and future works.
+=======
To our knowledge, there is no existing work on the large-scale simulation of a
real AIAC application. {\bf The contribution of the present paper can be
summarised in two main points}. First we give a first approach of the
written with MPI primitives and its adaptation to SimGrid with SMPI (Simulated
MPI) is detailed in the next section. At last, the simulation results carried
out will be presented before some concluding remarks and future works.
+>>>>>>> 6785b9ef58de0db67c33ca901c7813f3dfdc76e0
\section{Motivations and scientific context}
debugging. Indeed, apart from the review of the program sequence for asynchronous exchanges between processors within a cluster or between clusters, the algorithm was executed successfully with SMPI and provided identical outputs as those obtained with direct execution under MPI. In synchronous
mode, the execution of the program raised no particular issue but in asynchronous mode, the review of the sequence of MPI\_Isend, MPI\_Irecv and MPI\_Waitall instructions
and with the addition of the primitive MPI\_Test was needed to avoid a memory fault due to an infinite loop resulting from the non-convergence of the algorithm.
-\CER{On voulait en fait montrer la simplicité de l'adaptation de l'algo a SimGrid. Les problèmes rencontrés décrits dans ce paragraphe concerne surtout le mode async}\LZK{OK. J'aurais préféré avoir un peu plus de détails sur l'adaptation de la version async}
+\CER{On voulait en fait montrer la simplicité de l'adaptation de l'algo a SimGrid. Les problèmes rencontrés décrits dans ce paragraphe concerne surtout le mode async}\LZK{OK. J'aurais préféré avoir un peu plus de détails sur l'adaptation de la version async}
+\CER{Le problème majeur sur l'adaptation MPI vers SMPI pour la partie asynchrone de l'algorithme a été le plantage en SMPI de Waitall après un Isend et Irecv. J'avais proposé un workaround en utilisant un MPI\_wait séparé pour chaque échange a la place d'un waitall unique pour TOUTES les échanges, une instruction qui semble bien fonctionner en MPI. Ce workaround aussi fonctionne bien. Mais après, tu as modifié le programme avec l'ajout d'un MPI\_Test, au niveau de la routine de détection de la convergence et du coup, l'échange global avec waitall a aussi fonctionné.}
Note here that the use of SMPI functions optimizer for memory footprint and CPU usage is not recommended knowing that one wants to get real results by simulation.
As mentioned, upon this adaptation, the algorithm is executed as in the real life in the simulated environment after the following minor changes. First, all declared
global variables have been moved to local variables for each subroutine. In fact, global variables generate side effects arising from the concurrent access of
shared memory used by threads simulating each computing unit in the SimGrid architecture. Second, the alignment of certain types of variables such as ``long int'' had
also to be reviewed.
\AG{À propos de ces problèmes d'alignement, en dire plus si ça a un intérêt, ou l'enlever.}
+\CER{Ce problème fait partie des modifications que j'ai dû faire dans l'adaptation du programme MPI vers SMPI. IL découle de la différence de la taille des mots en mémoire : en 32 bits, pour les variables declarees en long int, on garde dans les instructions de sortie (printf, sprintf, ...) le format \%lu sinon en 64 bits, on le substitue par \%llu.}
Finally, some compilation errors on MPI\_Waitall and MPI\_Finalize primitives have been fixed with the latest version of SimGrid.
In total, the initial MPI program running on the simulation environment SMPI gave after a very simple adaptation the same results as those obtained in a real
environment. We have successfully executed the code in synchronous mode using parallel GMRES algorithm compared with our multisplitting algorithm in asynchronous mode after few modifications.
\begin{itemize}
\item At the network level, we found that the most critical values are the
bandwidth and the network latency.
-\item Hosts power (GFlops) can also influence on the results.
+\item Hosts processors power (GFlops) can also influence on the results.
\item Finally, when submitting job batches for execution, the arguments values
- passed to the program like the maximum number of iterations or the external
- precision are critical. They allow to ensure not only the convergence of the
- algorithm but also to get the main objective of the experimentation of the
- simulation in having an execution time in asynchronous less than in
- synchronous mode. The ratio between the execution time of asynchronous
- compared to the synchronous mode is defined as the \emph{relative gain}. So,
+ passed to the program like the maximum number of iterations or the precision are critical. They allow us to ensure not only the convergence of the
+ algorithm but also to get the main objective in getting an execution time in asynchronous communication less than in
+ synchronous mode. The ratio between the execution time of synchronous
+ compared to the asynchronous mode ($t_\text{sync} / t_\text{async}$) is defined as the \emph{relative gain}. So,
our objective running the algorithm in SimGrid is to obtain a relative gain
greater than 1.
\AG{$t_\text{async} / t_\text{sync} > 1$, l'objectif est donc que ça dure plus
longtemps (que ça aille moins vite) en asynchrone qu'en synchrone ?
Ce n'est pas plutôt l'inverse ?}
+ \CER{J'ai modifie la phrase.}
\end{itemize}
A priori, obtaining a relative gain greater than 1 would be difficult in a local
area network configuration where the synchronous mode will take advantage on the
rapid exchange of information on such high-speed links. Thus, the methodology
-adopted was to launch the application on clustered network. In this last
+adopted was to launch the application on a clustered network. In this
configuration, degrading the inter-cluster network performance will penalize the
synchronous mode allowing to get a relative gain greater than 1. This action
-simulates the case of distant clusters linked with long distance network like
-Internet.
+simulates the case of distant clusters linked with long distance network as in grid computing context.
-As a first step, the algorithm was run on a network consisting of two clusters
-containing 50 hosts each, totaling 100 hosts. Various combinations of the above
-factors have provided the results shown in Table~\ref{tab.cluster.2x50} with a
-matrix size ranging from $N_x = N_y = N_z = \text{62}$ to 171 elements or from
-$\text{62}^\text{3} = \text{\np{238328}}$ to $\text{171}^\text{3} =
-\text{\np{5000211}}$ entries.
+% As a first step,
+The algorithm was run on a two clusters based network with 50 hosts each, totaling 100 hosts. Various combinations of the above
+factors have provided the results shown in Table~\ref{tab.cluster.2x50}. The algorithm convergence with a 3D
+matrix size ranging from $N_x = N_y = N_z = \text{62}$ to 150 elements (that is from
+$\text{62}^\text{3} = \text{\np{238328}}$ to $\text{150}^\text{3} =
+\text{\np{3375000}}$ entries), is obtained in asynchronous in average 2.5 times speeder than the synchronous mode.
\AG{Expliquer comment lire les tableaux.}
-
+\CER{J'ai reformulé la phrase par la lecture du tableau. Plus de détails seront lus dans la partie Interprétations et commentaires}
% use the same column width for the following three tables
\newlength{\mytablew}\settowidth{\mytablew}{\footnotesize\np{E-11}}
\newenvironment{mytable}[1]{% #1: number of columns for data
\begin{mytable}{6}
\hline
- bandwidth
+ bandwidth (Mbits/s)
& 5 & 5 & 5 & 5 & 5 & 50 \\
\hline
- latency
+ latency (ms)
& 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.02 \\
\hline
- power
+ power (GFlops)
& 1 & 1 & 1 & 1.5 & 1.5 & 1.5 \\
\hline
size
& 62 & 62 & 62 & 100 & 100 & 110 \\
\hline
- Prec/Eprec
+ Precision
& \np{E-5} & \np{E-8} & \np{E-9} & \np{E-11} & \np{E-11} & \np{E-11} \\
\hline
\hline
\begin{mytable}{6}
\hline
- bandwidth
- & 50 & 50 & 50 & 50 & 10 & 10 \\
+ bandwidth (Mbits/s)
+ & 50 & 50 & 50 & 50 \\ % & 10 & 10 \\
\hline
- latency
- & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.03 & 0.01 \\
+ latency (ms)
+ & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.02 \\ % & 0.03 & 0.01 \\
\hline
- power
- & 1.5 & 1.5 & 1.5 & 1.5 & 1 & 1.5 \\
+ Power (GFlops)
+ & 1.5 & 1.5 & 1.5 & 1.5 \\ % & 1 & 1.5 \\
\hline
size
- & 120 & 130 & 140 & 150 & 171 & 171 \\
+ & 120 & 130 & 140 & 150 \\ % & 171 & 171 \\
\hline
- Prec/Eprec
- & \np{E-11} & \np{E-11} & \np{E-11} & \np{E-11} & \np{E-5} & \np{E-5} \\
+ Precision
+ & \np{E-11} & \np{E-11} & \np{E-11} & \np{E-11} \\ % & \np{E-5} & \np{E-5} \\
\hline
\hline
Relative gain
- & 2.51 & 2.58 & 2.55 & 2.54 & 1.59 & 1.29 \\
+ & 2.51 & 2.58 & 2.55 & 2.54 \\ % & 1.59 & 1.29 \\
\hline
\end{mytable}
\end{table}
-Then we have changed the network configuration using three clusters containing
-respectively 33, 33 and 34 hosts, or again by on hundred hosts for all the
-clusters. In the same way as above, a judicious choice of key parameters has
-permitted to get the results in Table~\ref{tab.cluster.3x33} which shows the
-relative gains greater than 1 with a matrix size from 62 to 100 elements.
-
-\begin{table}[!t]
- \centering
- \caption{3 clusters, each with 33 nodes}
- \label{tab.cluster.3x33}
-
- \begin{mytable}{6}
- \hline
- bandwidth
- & 10 & 5 & 4 & 3 & 2 & 6 \\
- \hline
- latency
- & 0.01 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.02 \\
- \hline
- power
- & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\
- \hline
- size
- & 62 & 100 & 100 & 100 & 100 & 171 \\
- \hline
- Prec/Eprec
- & \np{E-5} & \np{E-5} & \np{E-5} & \np{E-5} & \np{E-5} & \np{E-5} \\
- \hline
- \hline
- Relative gain
- & 1.003 & 1.01 & 1.08 & 1.19 & 1.28 & 1.01 \\
- \hline
- \end{mytable}
-\end{table}
-
-In a final step, results of an execution attempt to scale up the three clustered
-configuration but increasing by two hundreds hosts has been recorded in
-Table~\ref{tab.cluster.3x67}.
-
-\begin{table}[!t]
- \centering
- \caption{3 clusters, each with 66 nodes}
- \label{tab.cluster.3x67}
-
- \begin{mytable}{1}
- \hline
- bandwidth & 1 \\
- \hline
- latency & 0.02 \\
- \hline
- power & 1 \\
- \hline
- size & 62 \\
- \hline
- Prec/Eprec & \np{E-5} \\
- \hline
- \hline
- Relative gain & 1.11 \\
- \hline
- \end{mytable}
-\end{table}
+%Then we have changed the network configuration using three clusters containing
+%respectively 33, 33 and 34 hosts, or again by on hundred hosts for all the
+%clusters. In the same way as above, a judicious choice of key parameters has
+%permitted to get the results in Table~\ref{tab.cluster.3x33} which shows the
+%relative gains greater than 1 with a matrix size from 62 to 100 elements.
+
+\CER{En accord avec RC, on a pour le moment enlevé les tableaux 2 et 3 sachant que les résultats obtenus sont limites. De même, on a enlevé aussi les deux dernières colonnes du tableau I en attendant une meilleure performance et une meilleure precision}
+%\begin{table}[!t]
+% \centering
+% \caption{3 clusters, each with 33 nodes}
+% \label{tab.cluster.3x33}
+%
+% \begin{mytable}{6}
+% \hline
+% bandwidth
+% & 10 & 5 & 4 & 3 & 2 & 6 \\
+% \hline
+% latency
+% & 0.01 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.02 \\
+% \hline
+% power
+% & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\
+% \hline
+% size
+% & 62 & 100 & 100 & 100 & 100 & 171 \\
+% \hline
+% Prec/Eprec
+% & \np{E-5} & \np{E-5} & \np{E-5} & \np{E-5} & \np{E-5} & \np{E-5} \\
+% \hline
+% \hline
+% Relative gain
+% & 1.003 & 1.01 & 1.08 & 1.19 & 1.28 & 1.01 \\
+% \hline
+% \end{mytable}
+%\end{table}
+
+%In a final step, results of an execution attempt to scale up the three clustered
+%configuration but increasing by two hundreds hosts has been recorded in
+%Table~\ref{tab.cluster.3x67}.
+
+%\begin{table}[!t]
+% \centering
+% \caption{3 clusters, each with 66 nodes}
+% \label{tab.cluster.3x67}
+%
+% \begin{mytable}{1}
+% \hline
+% bandwidth & 1 \\
+% \hline
+% latency & 0.02 \\
+% \hline
+% power & 1 \\
+% \hline
+% size & 62 \\
+% \hline
+% Prec/Eprec & \np{E-5} \\
+% \hline
+% \hline
+% Relative gain & 1.11 \\
+% \hline
+% \end{mytable}
+%\end{table}
Note that the program was run with the following parameters:
\paragraph*{SMPI parameters}
~\\{}\AG{Donner un peu plus de précisions (plateforme en particulier).}
+\CER {Précisions ajoutées}
+
\begin{itemize}
-\item HOSTFILE: Hosts file description.
-\item PLATFORM: file description of the platform architecture : clusters (CPU
- power, \dots{}), intra cluster network description, inter cluster network
- (bandwidth, latency, \dots{}).
+\item HOSTFILE: Text file containing the list of the processors units name. Here 100 hosts;
+\item PLATFORM: XML file description of the platform architecture : two clusters (cluster1 and cluster2) with the following characteristics :
+
+ - Processor unit power : 1.5 GFlops;
+
+ - Intracluster network : bandwidth = 1,25 Gbits/s and latency = 5E-05 ms;
+
+ - Intercluster network : bandwidth = 5 Mbits/s and latency = 5E-03 ms;
\end{itemize}
\paragraph*{Arguments of the program}
\begin{itemize}
- \item Description of the cluster architecture;
- \item Maximum number of internal and external iterations;
- \item Internal and external precisions;
+ \item Description of the cluster architecture matching the format <Number of cluster> <Number of hosts in cluster\_1> <Number of hosts in cluster\_2>;
+ \item Maximum number of iterations;
+ \item Precisions on the residual error;
\item Matrix size $N_x$, $N_y$ and $N_z$;
- \item Matrix diagonal value: \np{6.0};
- \item Matrix off-diagonal value: \np{-1.0};
- \item Execution Mode: synchronous or asynchronous.
+ \item Matrix diagonal value: \np{1.0} (See (3));
+ \item Matrix off-diagonal value: $-\frac{1}{6}$ (See(3));
+ \item Communication mode: Asynchronous.
\end{itemize}
\paragraph*{Interpretations and comments}
-After analyzing the outputs, generally, for the configuration with two or three
-clusters including one hundred hosts (Tables~\ref{tab.cluster.2x50}
-and~\ref{tab.cluster.3x33}), some combinations of the used parameters affecting
+After analyzing the outputs, generally, for the two clusters including one hundred hosts configuration (Tables~\ref{tab.cluster.2x50}), some combinations of parameters affecting
the results have given a relative gain more than 2.5, showing the effectiveness of the
asynchronous performance compared to the synchronous mode.
-In the case of a two clusters configuration, Table~\ref{tab.cluster.2x50} shows
-that with a deterioration of inter cluster network set with \np[Mbit/s]{5} of
-bandwidth, a latency in order of a hundredth of a millisecond and a system power
-of one GFlops, an efficiency of about \np[\%]{40} in asynchronous mode is
-obtained for a matrix size of 62 elements. It is noticed that the result remains
-stable even if we vary the external precision from \np{E-5} to \np{E-9}. By
+With these settings, Table~\ref{tab.cluster.2x50} shows
+that after a deterioration of inter cluster network with a bandwidth of \np[Mbit/s]{5} and a latency in order of one hundredth of millisecond and a processor power
+of one GFlops, an efficiency of about \np[\%]{40} is
+obtained in asynchronous mode for a matrix size of 62 elements. It is noticed that the result remains
+stable even we vary the residual error precision from \np{E-5} to \np{E-9}. By
increasing the matrix size up to 100 elements, it was necessary to increase the
-CPU power of \np[\%]{50} to \np[GFlops]{1.5} for a convergence of the algorithm
-with the same order of asynchronous mode efficiency. Maintaining such a system
-power but this time, increasing network throughput inter cluster up to
-\np[Mbit/s]{50}, the result of efficiency with a relative gain of 1.5\AG[]{2.5 ?} is obtained with
+CPU power of \np[\%]{50} to \np[GFlops]{1.5} to get the algorithm convergence and the same order of asynchronous mode efficiency. Maintaining such processor power but increasing network throughput inter cluster up to
+\np[Mbit/s]{50}, the result of efficiency with a relative gain of 2.5\AG[]{2.5 ?} is obtained with
high external precision of \np{E-11} for a matrix size from 110 to 150 side
elements.
-For the 3 clusters architecture including a total of 100 hosts,
-Table~\ref{tab.cluster.3x33} shows that it was difficult to have a combination
-which gives a relative gain of asynchronous mode more than 1.2. Indeed, for a
-matrix size of 62 elements, equality between the performance of the two modes
-(synchronous and asynchronous) is achieved with an inter cluster of
-\np[Mbit/s]{10} and a latency of \np[ms]{E-1}. To challenge an efficiency greater than 1.2 with a matrix size of 100 points, it was necessary to degrade the
-inter cluster network bandwidth from 5 to \np[Mbit/s]{2}.
+%For the 3 clusters architecture including a total of 100 hosts,
+%Table~\ref{tab.cluster.3x33} shows that it was difficult to have a combination
+%which gives a relative gain of asynchronous mode more than 1.2. Indeed, for a
+%matrix size of 62 elements, equality between the performance of the two modes
+%(synchronous and asynchronous) is achieved with an inter cluster of
+%\np[Mbit/s]{10} and a latency of \np[ms]{E-1}. To challenge an efficiency greater than 1.2 with a matrix %size of 100 points, it was necessary to degrade the
+%inter cluster network bandwidth from 5 to \np[Mbit/s]{2}.
\AG{Conclusion, on prend une plateforme pourrie pour avoir un bon ratio sync/async ???
Quelle est la perte de perfs en faisant ça ?}
-A last attempt was made for a configuration of three clusters but more powerful
-with 200 nodes in total. The convergence with a relative gain around 1.1 was
-obtained with a bandwidth of \np[Mbit/s]{1} as shown in
-Table~\ref{tab.cluster.3x67}.
+%A last attempt was made for a configuration of three clusters but more powerful
+%with 200 nodes in total. The convergence with a relative gain around 1.1 was
+%obtained with a bandwidth of \np[Mbit/s]{1} as shown in
+%Table~\ref{tab.cluster.3x67}.
\RC{Est ce qu'on sait expliquer pourquoi il y a une telle différence entre les résultats avec 2 et 3 clusters... Avec 3 clusters, ils sont pas très bons... Je me demande s'il ne faut pas les enlever...}
\RC{En fait je pense avoir la réponse à ma remarque... On voit avec les 2 clusters que le gain est d'autant plus grand qu'on choisit une bonne précision. Donc, plusieurs solutions, lancer rapidement un long test pour confirmer ca, ou enlever des tests... ou on ne change rien :-)}
\LZK{Ma question est: le bandwidth et latency sont ceux inter-clusters ou pour les deux inter et intra cluster??}
-
+\CER{Définitivement, les paramètres réseaux variables ici se rapportent au réseau INTER cluster.}
\section{Conclusion}
The experimental results on executing a parallel iterative algorithm in
asynchronous mode on an environment simulating a large scale of virtual
