19 avenue du Maréchal Juin, BP 527, 90016 Belfort cedex, France\\
% Telephone: \mbox{+33 3 84 58 77 86}, % Raphaël
% Fax: \mbox{+33 3 84 58 77 81}\\ % Dept Info
- Email: \email{{jean-claude.charr,raphael.couturier,ahmed.fanfakh_badri_muslim,arnaud.giersch}@univ-fcomte.fr}
+ Email: \email{{ahmed.fanfakh_badri_muslim,jean-claude.charr,raphael.couturier,arnaud.giersch}@univ-fcomte.fr}
}
- }
-
- \maketitle
-
\begin{abstract}
- In recent years, green computing topic has become an important topic
+
+ In recent years, green computing has become an important topic
in the supercomputing research domain. However, the
computing platforms are still consuming more and
more energy due to the increasing number of nodes composing
\end{abstract}
-\textcolor{blue}{
-DVFS \sep heterogeneous grid \sep energy consumption \sep performance prediction \sep energy and performance trade-off \sep frequencies selecting algorithm }
+ \begin{keyword}
++
++Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling \sep Grid computing\sep Green computing and frequency scaling online algorithm.
+
+ %% keywords here, in the form: keyword \sep keyword
+
+ %% MSC codes here, in the form: \MSC code \sep code
+ %% or \MSC[2008] code \sep code (2000 is the default)
+
+ \end{keyword}
+
+ \end{frontmatter}
+
+
+
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec.intro}
-
The need for more computing power is continually increasing. To partially
satisfy this need, most supercomputers constructors just put more computing
nodes in their platform. The resulting platforms may achieve higher floating
- %\subsection{The experimental results of multi-cores clusters}
- %\label{sec.res-mc}
- %The clusters of grid'5000 have different number of cores embedded in their nodes
- %as shown in Table \ref{table:grid5000}. In
- %this section, the proposed scaling algorithm is evaluated over the grid'5000 grid while using multi-core nodes
- %selected according to the two platform scenarios described in the section \ref{sec.res}.
- %The two platform scenarios, the two sites and one site scenarios, use 32
- %cores from multi-cores nodes instead of 32 distinct nodes. For example if
- %the participating number of cores from a certain cluster is equal to 12,
- %in the multi-core scenario the selected nodes is equal to 3 nodes while using
- %4 cores from each node. The platforms with one
- %core per node and multi-cores nodes are shown in Table \ref{table:sen-mc}.
- %The energy consumptions and execution times of running the NAS parallel
- %benchmarks, class D, over these four different scenarios are presented
- %in the figures \ref{fig:eng-cons-mc} and \ref{fig:time-mc} respectively.
- %
- %The execution times for most of the NAS benchmarks are higher over the one site multi-cores per node scenario
- % than the execution time of those running over one site single core per node scenario. Indeed,
- % the communication times are higher in the one site multi-cores scenario than in the latter scenario because all the cores of a node share the same node network link which can be saturated when running communication bound applications and. Moreover, the cores of a node share the memory bus which can be also saturated and become a bottleneck.
- %
- %
- %The experiments showed that for most of the NAS benchmarks and between the four scenarios,
- %the one site one core scenario gives the best execution times because the communication times are the lowest.
- %Indeed, in this scenario each core has a dedicated network link and memory bus and all the communications are local.
- %Moreover, the energy consumptions of the NAS benchmarks are lower over the
- %one site one core scenario than over the one site multi-cores scenario because
- %the first scenario had less execution time than the latter which results in less static energy being consumed.
- %
- %The computations to communications ratios of the NAS benchmarks are higher over
- %the one site one core scenario when compared to the ratios of the other scenarios.
- %More energy reduction was achieved when this ratio is increased because the proposed scaling algorithm selects smaller frequencies that decrease the dynamic power consumption.
- %
- % \textcolor{blue}{ Whereas, the energy consumption in the two sites one core scenario is higher than the energy consumption of the two sites multi-core scenario. This is according to the increase in the execution time of the two sites one core scenario. }
- %
- %
- %These experiments also showed that the energy
- %consumption and the execution times of the EP and MG benchmarks do not change significantly over these four
- %scenarios because there are no or small communications,
- %which could increase or decrease the static power consumptions. Contrary to EP and MG, the energy consumptions
- %and the execution times of the rest of the benchmarks vary according to the communication times that are different from one scenario to the other.
- %
- %
- %The energy saving percentages of all NAS benchmarks running over these four scenarios are presented in the figure \ref{fig:eng-s-mc}. It shows that the energy saving percentages over the two sites multi-cores scenario
- %and over the two sites one core scenario are on average equal to 22\% and 18\%
- %respectively. The energy saving percentages are higher in the former scenario because its computations to communications ratio is higher than the ratio of the latter scenario as mentioned previously.
- %
- %In contrast, in the one site one
- %core and one site multi-cores scenarios the energy saving percentages
- %are approximately equivalent, on average they are up to 25\%. In both scenarios there
- %are a small difference in the computations to communications ratios, which leads
- %the proposed scaling algorithm to select similar frequencies for both scenarios.
- %
- %The performance degradation percentages of the NAS benchmarks are presented in
- %figure \ref{fig:per-d-mc}. It shows that the performance degradation percentages for the NAS benchmarks are higher over the two sites
- %multi-cores scenario than over the two sites one core scenario, equal on average to 7\% and 4\% respectively.
- %Moreover, using the two sites multi-cores scenario increased
- %the computations to communications ratio, which may increase
- %the overall execution time when the proposed scaling algorithm is applied and the frequencies scaled down.
- %
- %
- %When the benchmarks are executed over the one
- %site one core scenario, their performance degradation percentages are equal on average
- %to 10\% and are higher than those executed over the one site multi-cores scenario,
- %which on average is equal to 7\%.
- %
- %\textcolor{blue}{
- %The performance degradation percentages over one site multi-cores is lower because the computations to communications ratio is decreased. Therefore, selecting bigger
- %frequencies by the scaling algorithm are proportional to this ratio, and thus the execution time do not increase significantly.}
- %
- %
- %The tradeoff distance percentages of the NAS
- %benchmarks over all scenarios are presented in the figure \ref{fig:dist-mc}.
- %These tradeoff distance percentages are used to verify which scenario is the best in terms of energy reduction and performance. The figure shows that using muti-cores in both of the one site and two sites scenarios gives bigger tradeoff distance percentages, on overage equal to 17.6\% and 15.3\% respectively, than using one core per node in both of one site and two sites scenarios, on average equal to 14.7\% and 13.3\% respectively.
- %
- %\begin{table}[]
- %\centering
- %\caption{The multicores scenarios}
- %
- %\begin{tabular}{|*{4}{c|}}
- %\hline
- %Scenario name & Cluster name & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}No. of nodes\\ in each cluster\end{tabular} &
- % \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}No. of cores\\ for each node\end{tabular} \\ \hline
- %\multirow{3}{*}{Two sites/ one core} & Taurus & 10 & 1 \\ \cline{2-4}
- % & Graphene & 10 & 1 \\ \cline{2-4}
- % & Griffon & 12 & 1 \\ \hline
- %\multirow{3}{*}{Two sites/ multicores} & Taurus & 3 & 3 or 4 \\ \cline{2-4}
- % & Graphene & 3 & 3 or 4 \\ \cline{2-4}
- % & Griffon & 3 & 4 \\ \hline
- %\multirow{3}{*}{One site/ one core} & Graphite & 4 & 1 \\ \cline{2-4}
- % & Graphene & 12 & 1 \\ \cline{2-4}
- % & Griffon & 12 & 1 \\ \hline
- %\multirow{3}{*}{One site/ multicores} & Graphite & 3 & 3 or 4 \\ \cline{2-4}
- % & Graphene & 3 & 3 or 4 \\ \cline{2-4}
- % & Griffon & 3 & 4 \\ \hline
- %\end{tabular}
- %\label{table:sen-mc}
- %\end{table}
- %
- %\begin{figure}
- % \centering
- % \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{fig/eng_con.eps}
- % \caption{Comparing the energy consumptions of running NAS benchmarks over one core and multicores scenarios }
- % \label{fig:eng-cons-mc}
- %\end{figure}
- %
- %
- % \begin{figure}
- % \centering
- % \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{fig/time.eps}
- % \caption{Comparing the execution times of running NAS benchmarks over one core and multicores scenarios }
- % \label{fig:time-mc}
- %\end{figure}
- %
- % \begin{figure}
- % \centering
- % \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{fig/eng_s_mc.eps}
- % \caption{The energy saving of running NAS benchmarks over one core and multicores scenarios }
- % \label{fig:eng-s-mc}
- %\end{figure}
- %
- %\begin{figure}
- % \centering
- % \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{fig/per_d_mc.eps}
- % \caption{The performance degradation of running NAS benchmarks over one core and multicores scenarios }
- % \label{fig:per-d-mc}
- %\end{figure}
- %
- %\begin{figure}
- % \centering
- % \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{fig/dist_mc.eps}
- % \caption{The tradeoff distance of running NAS benchmarks over one core and multicores scenarios }
- % \label{fig:dist-mc}
- %\end{figure}
-\subsection{The experimental results of multi-cores clusters}
++\subsection{The experimental results over multi-cores clusters}
+ \label{sec.res-mc}
-\textcolor{blue}{
++
+ The clusters of grid'5000 have different number of cores embedded in their nodes
+ as shown in Table \ref{table:grid5000}. In
-this section, the proposed scaling algorithm is evaluated over the grid'5000 grid while using multi-core nodes selected according to the one site scenario described in the section \ref{sec.res}.
-The one site scenario, uses 32 cores from multi-cores nodes instead of 32 distinct nodes. For example if
++this section, the proposed scaling algorithm is evaluated over the grid'5000 platform while using multi-cores nodes selected according to the one site scenario described in the section \ref{sec.res}.
++The one site scenario uses 32 cores from multi-cores nodes instead of 32 distinct nodes. For example if
+ the participating number of cores from a certain cluster is equal to 14,
+ in the multi-core scenario the selected nodes is equal to 4 nodes while using
+ 3 or 4 cores from each node. The platforms with one
+ core per node and multi-cores nodes are shown in Table \ref{table:sen-mc}.
-The energy consumptions and execution times of running the NAS parallel
-benchmarks, class D, over these four different scenarios are presented
-in the figures \ref{fig:eng-cons-mc} and \ref{fig:time-mc} respectively.}
++The energy consumptions and execution times of running the class D of the NAS parallel
++benchmarks over these four different scenarios are presented
++in the figures \ref{fig:eng-cons-mc} and \ref{fig:time-mc} respectively.
+
+ \begin{table}[]
+ \centering
+ \caption{The multicores scenarios}
+ \begin{tabular}{|*{4}{c|}}
+ \hline
+ Scenario name & Cluster name & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}No. of nodes\\ in each cluster\end{tabular} &
+ \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}No. of cores\\ for each node\end{tabular} \\ \hline
-\multirow{3}{*}{One site/ one core} & Graphite & 4 & 1 \\ \cline{2-4}
++\multirow{3}{*}{One core per node} & Graphite & 4 & 1 \\ \cline{2-4}
+ & Graphene & 14 & 1 \\ \cline{2-4}
+ & Griffon & 14 & 1 \\ \hline
-\multirow{3}{*}{One site/ multicores} & Graphite & 1 & 4 \\ \cline{2-4}
++\multirow{3}{*}{Multi-cores per node} & Graphite & 1 & 4 \\ \cline{2-4}
+ & Graphene & 4 & 3 or 4 \\ \cline{2-4}
+ & Griffon & 4 & 3 or 4 \\ \hline
+ \end{tabular}
+ \label{table:sen-mc}
+ \end{table}
+
+
+ \begin{figure}
+ \centering
+ \subfloat[Comparing the execution times of running NAS benchmarks over one core and multicores scenarios]{%
+ \includegraphics[width=.4\textwidth]{fig/time.eps}\label{fig:time-mc}} \hspace{1cm}%
+ \subfloat[Comparing the energy consumptions of running NAS benchmarks over one core and multi-cores scenarios]{%
+ \includegraphics[width=.4\textwidth]{fig/eng_con.eps}\label{fig:eng-cons-mc}}
+ \label{fig:eng-cons}
- \caption{The energy consumptions and execution times of NAS benchmarks over one core and multi-cores scenarios}
++ \caption{The energy consumptions and execution times of NAS benchmarks over one core and multi-cores per node architectures}
+ \end{figure}
+
+
-\textcolor{blue}{
-The execution times for most of the NAS benchmarks are higher over the one site multi-cores per node scenario
-than the execution time of those running over one site single core per node scenario. Indeed,
++
++The execution times for most of the NAS benchmarks are higher over the multi-cores per node scenario
++than over single core per node scenario. Indeed,
+ the communication times are higher in the one site multi-cores scenario than in the latter scenario because all the cores of a node share the same node network link which can be saturated when running communication bound applications. Moreover, the cores of a node share the memory bus which can be also saturated and become a bottleneck.
-The experiments showed that for most of the NAS benchmarks,
-the one site one core scenario gives the best execution times because the communication times are the lowest.
-Indeed, in this scenario each core has a dedicated network link and memory bus.
+ Moreover, the energy consumptions of the NAS benchmarks are lower over the
-one site one core scenario than over the one site multi-cores scenario because
++ one core scenario than over the multi-cores scenario because
+ the first scenario had less execution time than the latter which results in less static energy being consumed.
+ The computations to communications ratios of the NAS benchmarks are higher over
+ the one site one core scenario when compared to the ratio of the multi-cores scenario.
-More energy reduction was achieved when this ratio is increased because the proposed scaling algorithm selects smaller frequencies that decrease the dynamic power consumption.
-These experiments also showed that the energy
++More energy reduction can be gained when this ratio is big because it pushes the proposed scaling algorithm to select smaller frequencies that decrease the dynamic power consumption. These experiments also showed that the energy
+ consumption and the execution times of the EP and MG benchmarks do not change significantly over these two
-scenarios because there are no or small communications,
-which could increase or decrease the static power consumptions. Contrary to EP and MG, the energy consumptions and the execution times of the rest of the benchmarks vary according to the communication times that are different from one scenario to the other.
-The energy saving percentages of all NAS benchmarks running over these two scenarios are presented in the figure \ref{fig:eng-s-mc}. It shows that the energy saving percentages in the one site one
-core and one site multi-cores scenarios
-are approximately equivalent, on average they are equal to 25.9\% and 25.1\% respectively. In both scenarios there
-are a small difference in the computations to communications ratios, which leads
-the proposed scaling algorithm to select similar frequencies for both scenarios.
++scenarios because there are no or small communications. Contrary to EP and MG, the energy consumptions and the execution times of the rest of the benchmarks vary according to the communication times that are different from one scenario to the other.
++
++
++The energy saving percentages of all NAS benchmarks running over these two scenarios are presented in the figure \ref{fig:eng-s-mc}.
++The figure shows that the energy saving percentages in the one
++core and the multi-cores scenarios
++are approximately equivalent, on average they are equal to 25.9\% and 25.1\% respectively.
++The energy consumption is reduced at the same rate in the two scenarios when compared to the energy consumption of the executions without DVFS.
++
++
+ The performance degradation percentages of the NAS benchmarks are presented in
-figure \ref{fig:per-d-mc}. It shows that the performance degradation percentages for the NAS benchmarks over one site one core is on average equal to 10.6\% and is higher than these executed over the one site multi-cores scenario, which is on average equal to 7.5\%.
-The performance degradation percentages over one site multi-cores is lower because the computations to communications ratio is decreased. Therefore, selecting big
-frequencies by the scaling algorithm are proportional to this ratio, and thus the execution time do not increase significantly.
++figure \ref{fig:per-d-mc}. It shows that the performance degradation percentages is higher for the NAS benchmarks over the one core per node scenario (on average equal to 10.6\%) than over the multi-cores scenario (on average equal to 7.5\%). The performance degradation percentages over the multi-cores scenario is lower because the computations to communications ratio is smaller than the ratio of the other scenario.
++
+ The tradeoff distance percentages of the NAS benchmarks over the two scenarios are presented
-in the figure \ref{fig:dist-mc}.
-These tradeoff distance percentages are used to verify which scenario is the best in terms of energy reduction and performance. The figure shows that using muti-cores scenario gives bigger tradeoff distance percentages, on overage equal to 17.6\% than using one core per node scenario, on average equal to 15.3\%.}
++in the figure \ref{fig:dist-mc}. These tradeoff distance between energy consumption reduction and performance are used to verify which scenario is the best in both terms at the same time. The figure shows that the tradeoff distance percentages are on average bigger over the multi-cores scenario (17.6\%) than over the one core per node scenario (15.3\%).
+
+
+
+ \begin{figure}
+ \centering
+ \subfloat[The energy saving of running NAS benchmarks over one core and multicores scenarios]{%
+ \includegraphics[width=.33\textwidth]{fig/eng_s_mc.eps}\label{fig:eng-s-mc}} \hspace{0.08cm}%
+ \subfloat[The performance degradation of running NAS benchmarks over one core and multicores scenarios
+ ]{%
+ \includegraphics[width=.33\textwidth]{fig/per_d_mc.eps}\label{fig:per-d-mc}}\hspace{0.08cm}%
+ \subfloat[The tradeoff distance of running NAS benchmarks over one core and multicores scenarios]{%
+ \includegraphics[width=.33\textwidth]{fig/dist_mc.eps}\label{fig:dist-mc}}
+ \label{fig:exp-res}
+ \caption{The experimental results of one core and multi-cores scenarios}
+ \end{figure}
+
+
\subsection{Experiments with different static and dynamic powers consumption scenarios}
\label{sec.pow_sen}
